過去の清算は終わっていない

日本でありがちな主張にヨーロッパでは過去の清算をきっちり済ませているが、日本はごまかしているというものがあります。こういうしたり顔で語る人ほど現地の事情を学んでいないことがわかります。

『名誉の戦場』でフランスのゴンクール賞を受賞したジャンルオーはフランスではコラボ（対独協力）の問題が残っていると語っていましたし、ドイツでも例えば哲学者ハイデガーとナチズムの問題があります。これはWikipediaでも項目が立っているんですね。

Martin Heidegger and Nazism
The relationship between the German philosopher Martin Heidegger and Nazism is a controversial subject.

Heidegger joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) on May 1, 1933, ten days after being elected Rector of the University of Freiburg. A year later, in April 1934, he resigned the Rectorship and stopped taking part in Nazi Party meetings, but remained a member of the Nazi Party until its dismantling at the end of World War II. Heidegger had held high hopes of reforming the university system with the help of Nazism as a Conservative Revolution, but, by the end of the war, had become expendable and was even prevented from teaching. The denazification hearings immediately after World War II led to Heidegger's dismissal from Freiburg, banning him from teaching. In 1949, after several years of investigation, the French military finally classified Heidegger as a Mitläufer [1] or "Nazi follower". The teaching ban was lifted in 1951 and he was granted emeritus status in 1953, but he was never allowed to resume his philosophy chair. His involvement with Nazism and the relation between his philosophy and National Socialism are still highly controversial, especially because he never apologized[2] and is only known to have expressed regret once, privately, when he described his rectorship and the related political engagement as "the greatest stupidity of his life" ("die größte Dummheit seines Lebens").[3]

Foreign Affairsの書評で新たな資料を基にハイデガーとナチズムの関係を取り上げた本を紹介していました。日本のアマゾンはドイツ語書籍も扱っているんですね。

Heidegger und der Mythos der juedischen Weltverschwoerung (2014/05) Peter Trawny 商品詳細を見る

What Heidegger Was Hiding
Unearthing the Philosopher’s Anti-Semitism
By Gregory Fried

The German philosopher Martin Heidegger died in 1976, yet scholars are still plowing through his life’s work today -- some of it for the very first time. Indeed, few modern thinkers have been as productive: once published in their entirety, his complete works will comprise over 100 volumes. Fewer still have rivaled his reach: Heidegger deeply influenced some of the twentieth century’s most important philosophers, among them Leo Strauss, Jean-Paul Sartre, Hannah Arendt, and Jacques Derrida. And although Heidegger’s work is most firmly entrenched in the Western tradition, his readership is global, with serious followings in Latin America, China, Japan, and even Iran.

But Heidegger’s legacy also bears a dark stain, one that his influence has never quite managed to wash out. Heidegger joined the Nazi Party in the spring of 1933, ran the University of Freiburg on behalf of the regime, and gave impassioned speeches in support of Adolf Hitler at key moments, including during the plebiscites in the fall of 1933, which solidified popular support for Nazi policies.

今回の目玉はハイデガーが私的に書きとめていたblack notebooksというノートが公刊されることのようです。このノートによってハイデガーが実際にどのように感じていたのかが明らかになっているというのです。結論からいうと、反ユダヤ主義の思想はあったが、ナチスのそれとは相容れないものだったというものです。

Now, Peter Trawny, the director of the Martin Heidegger Institute at the University of Wuppertal, in Germany, has waded into this long-running controversy with a short but incisive new book, recently published in German. Trawny’s meticulous and sober work introduces an entirely new set of sources: a collection of black notebooks in which Heidegger regularly jotted down his thoughts, a practice he began in the early 1930s and continued into the 1970s. Trawny, who is also the editor of the published notebooks, calls them “fully developed philosophical writings.” That’s a bit strong for a collection of notes, but Heidegger clearly intended them to serve as the capstone to his published works, and they contain his unexpurgated reflections on this key period. Shortly before his death, Heidegger wrote up a schedule stipulating that the notebooks be published only after all his other writings were. That condition having been met, Trawny has so far released three volumes (totaling roughly 1,200 pages), with five more planned.

Trawny’s new book caused a sensation among Heidegger scholars even before it appeared in print, in large part because several inflammatory passages quoted from the notebooks, previously unpublished and containing clearly anti-Semitic content, were leaked from the page proofs. But with the book now released, Trawny’s novel line of analysis is creating its own stir. Drawing on the new material, Trawny makes two related arguments: first, that Heidegger’s anti-Semitism was deeply entwined with his philosophical ideas and, second, that it was distinct from that of the Nazis. Trawny deals with the notebooks that Heidegger composed in 1931–41, which include the years after he resigned as rector of the University of Freiburg, in 1934. As the notebooks make clear, Heidegger was far from an unthinking Nazi sympathizer. Rather, he was deeply committed to his own philosophical form of anti-Semitism -- one he felt the Nazis failed to live up to.

カントリー歌手のガースブルックスとハイデガーを比較すると哲学好きな人は怒ってしまうと思いますが、結構似ているところがあると思ってしまいました。ありきたりなグローバル化批判、科学技術至上主義の批判、金儲け主義の批判などをカントリーで歌うか、哲学的に語るかの違いで済ませられる部分があるからです。もちろん哲学史におけるハイデガーの功績はナチズムとは別に評価されるべきものがあるでしょうが。。。

二次世界大戦期の反ユダヤ主義の問題は簡単にはいかなさそうですね。ケネディ大統領の父親もイギリス大使の時には反ユダヤ主義者だったと読んだことがあります。

どの国だって歴史の暗部と向き合うのは難しいことでしょう。でもだからといって向き合わなくていいということにはならないとも思うのです。