Posted at 2015.06.27 Category : 未分類
2010年度第2回英検1級1次試験問題で登場したKennewick Man。今週の雑誌NatureにDNA解析結果についてのニュースが出ていました。CELの解説です。
2010年度第2回英検1級1次試験問題
2 題目：Kennewick Man
「Kennewick Man とは1996年にワシントン州のKennewickという町で発見された、9,000年以上前の人骨である。この骨が白人の特徴をもっているということで話題になったが、NAGPRA（アメリカ先住民墳墓保護返還法）に基づき、この骨は自分たちの先祖のものであると主張する先住アメリカ人への引き渡しが認められた。しかし、その後数年間の法廷闘争を経て、最終的に、考古学者や人類学者は骨の研究を許可された。まだ明確な分析結果は出ていないが、アメリカ大陸には、従来考えられていたよりもずっと初期に白人系の居住者がいたという裏づけがなされ、骨は先住アメリカ人の祖先のものではないという結果となるかもしれない。」という内容です。
この問題文もそれほど難解ではなく、設問も答え易い問題でした。そんな中、少し迷うかもしれなかったのは(36)でしょうか。「NAGPRAという法律の制定に繋がったこととは？」という設問に関しては、問題文の第3段落の2行目の右寄りから8行目までの部分 Historically, ... led to NAGPRA. が該当します。(35)、(37)については、それぞれ第１段落の後半、第4段落の後半に記述されていましたが、それらの言い換えはわかり易かったと思います。
問題文はCELのリンクから確認できます。
英検の問題文で触れていた通り、この骨の祖先について議論があったようですが、今回の研究では記事のサブタイトル'Kennewick Man' sequencing points to Native American ancestry.が示している通り、先住アメリカ人のものであるという結論となったようです。
Ancient American genome rekindles legal row
'Kennewick Man' sequencing points to Native American ancestry.
Ewen Callaway
18 June 2015
Words checked = [1324]
Words in Oxford 3000™ = [82%]
The genome of a famous 8,500-year-old North American skeleton, known as Kennewick Man, shows that he is closely related to Native American tribes that have for decades been seeking to bury his bones. The finding, reported today in Nature1, seems likely to rekindle a legal dispute between the tribes and the researchers who want to keep studying the skeleton. Yet it comes at a time when many scientists — including those studying Kennewick Man — are trying to move past such controversies by inviting Native Americans to take part in their research.
“The controversy has been painful for lots of people; tribal members and scientists as well,” says Dennis O’Rourke, a biological anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. “I think the results will add weight to repatriation claims because now claims of ancestry can at least to some degree be clarified,” he says.
骨の形状などから日本のアイヌ人に近いかもという推測もあったようですが、DNA検査でcontemporary Native Americansに一番近いという結論付けられたようです。
Native American roots
Scientists who examined the remains had concluded that the skull looked different from those of contemporary Native Americans — more like Polynesians or members of the Japanese aboriginal group known as the Ainu. But past efforts to glean ancient DNA from Kennewick Man failed, notes Eske Willerslev, a palaeogenomicist at the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, who led the current study.
Willerslev’s team used cutting-edge methods to extract snippets of DNA from a 0.2-gram flake of finger bone. “We got a very, very tiny sample,” he says. “We sampled it to complete exhaustion — there’s nothing left." It was so small that the team were only able to obtain a low-quality genome sequence.
Kennewick Man’s genome reveals that he is more closely related to contemporary Native Americans than to any other humans on the planet — dashing the remote possibility that he represents a mysterious migration from the east.
そうなると、記事のメインタイトルAncient American genome rekindles legal rowにあるように、遺体の返還要求の問題が再燃されてしまいますよね。
Burial dispute
The fate of Kennewick Man's remains is still uncertain. In concluding that NAGPRA did not apply, federal courts effectively decided that the remains were not Native American. “I’m quite certain we’ve made the case that Kennewick was Native American,” says David Meltzer, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, who was part of Willerslev’s team.
“I think this would have been useful evidence in the original NAGPRA decision and might have led to a different result,” says Hank Greely, a legal scholar at Stanford University in California.
Gail Celmer, an archaeologist at the US Army Corps of Engineers in Portland, Oregon, met with tribal representatives this week and says they are still eager to pursue repatriation. Her agency now plans to reconsider whether Kennewick Man falls under NAGPRA and therefore must be returned, in light of the genome study and other new evidence. "We expect challenges, so we’re going to have to be very careful about how we do our reviews," she says. “We have a long road ahead of us."
この論文は公開論文なので全文が読めるようになっています。Abstractで以下のように結論付けていますね。
The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man
Nature (2015) doi:10.1038/nature14625
Received 28 April 2015 Accepted 10 June 2015 Published online 18 June 2015
In order to resolve Kennewick Man’s ancestry and affiliations, we have sequenced his genome to ~1× coverage and compared it to worldwide genomic data including the Ainu and Polynesians. We find that Kennewick Man is closer to modern Native Americans than to any other population worldwide.
Natureの巻頭のニュース部分は興味深い記事が多くて、英検1級に関心がある人にはオススメです。
2010年度第2回英検1級1次試験問題
2 題目：Kennewick Man
「Kennewick Man とは1996年にワシントン州のKennewickという町で発見された、9,000年以上前の人骨である。この骨が白人の特徴をもっているということで話題になったが、NAGPRA（アメリカ先住民墳墓保護返還法）に基づき、この骨は自分たちの先祖のものであると主張する先住アメリカ人への引き渡しが認められた。しかし、その後数年間の法廷闘争を経て、最終的に、考古学者や人類学者は骨の研究を許可された。まだ明確な分析結果は出ていないが、アメリカ大陸には、従来考えられていたよりもずっと初期に白人系の居住者がいたという裏づけがなされ、骨は先住アメリカ人の祖先のものではないという結果となるかもしれない。」という内容です。
この問題文もそれほど難解ではなく、設問も答え易い問題でした。そんな中、少し迷うかもしれなかったのは(36)でしょうか。「NAGPRAという法律の制定に繋がったこととは？」という設問に関しては、問題文の第3段落の2行目の右寄りから8行目までの部分 Historically, ... led to NAGPRA. が該当します。(35)、(37)については、それぞれ第１段落の後半、第4段落の後半に記述されていましたが、それらの言い換えはわかり易かったと思います。
問題文はCELのリンクから確認できます。
英検の問題文で触れていた通り、この骨の祖先について議論があったようですが、今回の研究では記事のサブタイトル'Kennewick Man' sequencing points to Native American ancestry.が示している通り、先住アメリカ人のものであるという結論となったようです。
Ancient American genome rekindles legal row
'Kennewick Man' sequencing points to Native American ancestry.
Ewen Callaway
18 June 2015
Words checked = [1324]
Words in Oxford 3000™ = [82%]
The genome of a famous 8,500-year-old North American skeleton, known as Kennewick Man, shows that he is closely related to Native American tribes that have for decades been seeking to bury his bones. The finding, reported today in Nature1, seems likely to rekindle a legal dispute between the tribes and the researchers who want to keep studying the skeleton. Yet it comes at a time when many scientists — including those studying Kennewick Man — are trying to move past such controversies by inviting Native Americans to take part in their research.
“The controversy has been painful for lots of people; tribal members and scientists as well,” says Dennis O’Rourke, a biological anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. “I think the results will add weight to repatriation claims because now claims of ancestry can at least to some degree be clarified,” he says.
骨の形状などから日本のアイヌ人に近いかもという推測もあったようですが、DNA検査でcontemporary Native Americansに一番近いという結論付けられたようです。
Native American roots
Scientists who examined the remains had concluded that the skull looked different from those of contemporary Native Americans — more like Polynesians or members of the Japanese aboriginal group known as the Ainu. But past efforts to glean ancient DNA from Kennewick Man failed, notes Eske Willerslev, a palaeogenomicist at the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, who led the current study.
Willerslev’s team used cutting-edge methods to extract snippets of DNA from a 0.2-gram flake of finger bone. “We got a very, very tiny sample,” he says. “We sampled it to complete exhaustion — there’s nothing left." It was so small that the team were only able to obtain a low-quality genome sequence.
Kennewick Man’s genome reveals that he is more closely related to contemporary Native Americans than to any other humans on the planet — dashing the remote possibility that he represents a mysterious migration from the east.
そうなると、記事のメインタイトルAncient American genome rekindles legal rowにあるように、遺体の返還要求の問題が再燃されてしまいますよね。
Burial dispute
The fate of Kennewick Man's remains is still uncertain. In concluding that NAGPRA did not apply, federal courts effectively decided that the remains were not Native American. “I’m quite certain we’ve made the case that Kennewick was Native American,” says David Meltzer, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, who was part of Willerslev’s team.
“I think this would have been useful evidence in the original NAGPRA decision and might have led to a different result,” says Hank Greely, a legal scholar at Stanford University in California.
Gail Celmer, an archaeologist at the US Army Corps of Engineers in Portland, Oregon, met with tribal representatives this week and says they are still eager to pursue repatriation. Her agency now plans to reconsider whether Kennewick Man falls under NAGPRA and therefore must be returned, in light of the genome study and other new evidence. "We expect challenges, so we’re going to have to be very careful about how we do our reviews," she says. “We have a long road ahead of us."
この論文は公開論文なので全文が読めるようになっています。Abstractで以下のように結論付けていますね。
The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man
Nature (2015) doi:10.1038/nature14625
Received 28 April 2015 Accepted 10 June 2015 Published online 18 June 2015
In order to resolve Kennewick Man’s ancestry and affiliations, we have sequenced his genome to ~1× coverage and compared it to worldwide genomic data including the Ainu and Polynesians. We find that Kennewick Man is closer to modern Native Americans than to any other population worldwide.
Natureの巻頭のニュース部分は興味深い記事が多くて、英検1級に関心がある人にはオススメです。
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